That is so dependent on what you are trying to achieve. A pale ale, an amber, a porter, a stout, a Belgian strong ale. All would use different amounts and different types of malted barley.
It is not how much per gallon, it is how much per gallon for a certain specific gravity. you also have to consider a few other factors about the beer such as body, then there are grains that effect color.
Asking how much per gallon is simplistic as you are asking how a question like how much sugar for a lemonade, there are endless recipes for lemonade that all have different amts.
Describe the beer you want to make and you will still get a lot of different answers
So if you want to brew one gallon of beer with an OG of 1.050 (= 50 points per gallon), you'd need 50/36=1.4 pounds of (malted) base grain (barley, wheat, rye, etc.). Since your mash efficiency is less than 100%, say 80%, you need to use a bit more of course:
1.4# / .80 = 1.75# of that grain for your gallon of 1.050 beer.
If you were to make 2 gallons of that same 1.050 beer, you'd need double the amount of grain:
2 gallons * 50 points per gallon = 100 points or 3.5# of base grain at 80% efficiency.