Absolutely! We do it all the time. First, the easiest is to just pitch a new batch right on the existing yeast cake out of the primary. What that means is, rack your first beer to secondary or keg or bottling bucket. Then, make another batch at the same time, and pitch the new batch right on the yeast cake in that primary fermenter. Quick, easy, and a great fermentation.
Otherwise, see our thread on yeast washing if you want to save the yeast for longer than a day or two. Yeast washing works well, and I have a stock of liquid yeast in the fridge. At $7 or so a pack, it's well worth washing and saving all the liquid yeast you can!