It doesn't have to contain hops to legally be called beer. Some,like gruits,use herbs & whatnot to bitter with. Hops came in later,beginning in England they claim. Also,fermenting beer pre-dates leavened bread by 3,000 years,according to new findings. We settled down into villages & cities to have more time to grow grains to make beer. And as was stated,even in Europe they found you drink the water,you get sick. If you drink the beer you were fine. It's all in the boiling & sealing the finished beer in kegs,etc. The hops just keep the beer from spoiling as quickly. They seem to work hand in hand with the alcohol in this respect.