No, beer should be stored at room temperature. Here's why: when you "prime" the beer, you are taking beer that is completely finished and fermented out (that's why the hydrometer readings are so important!) and adding a small prescribed amount of sugar. That exact amount of sugar is exactly the right amount needed for a mini-fermentation in the bottle to produce co2 and then stop when it's finished. That's how you carbonate your beer. If the beer was finished fermenting before you bottled it, then it's not possible for the beer to ferment further so there is no risk of bottle bombs.
In soda, you add cups of sugar, to make the soda taste sweet. You add yeast to ferment a little of that sugar to carbonate. The yeast don't know that they are supposed to stop when you wish- there are still fermentables in there. Yeast will go until they eat all the fermentable sugars. But you don't want to create alcohol, or bottle bombs. So when the yeast has done its work to carbonate the soda, you stick the bottles in the fridge because the cold temperature causes the yeast to go dormant (or at least slow way down).