Why one gun? Have you done any research at all? There's no single gun that'll apply to all of those categories.
If for some strange reason you can only purchase one gun then a .22lr is the only way to go, namely a Ruger 10/22. Infinite parts and customizability. Honestly though, if you want to cover all your bases you'll need four:
.22lr rifle
Common caliber handgun(revolver or pistol)
12ga shotgun(rem 870 can't be beat)
High caliber rifle(.308, .270, .243, 7mm......)
If for some strange reason you can only purchase one gun then a .22lr is the only way to go, namely a Ruger 10/22. Infinite parts and customizability. Honestly though, if you want to cover all your bases you'll need four:
.22lr rifle
Common caliber handgun(revolver or pistol)
12ga shotgun(rem 870 can't be beat)
High caliber rifle(.308, .270, .243, 7mm......)