I would say the book should be a mandatory read to join this site. to many people pushing bad info. raise your hand if you thought copper is bad for you when used in wort? I've read it twice and have about 10 bookmarks in it.
yes, in order for the beer to carb right you have to cool it down. it's almost impossible to carb beer at room temp. I throw out the first half a glass because that's mostly yeast
1. Whats the best way to carb a stout PSI/Temp
stouts then to run a little warmer and lower carbed then most. check this out, http://www.kegerators.com/carbonation-table.php I like my stout about 40-45degs but i have found it difficult to pour above 38degs
2. What length of hose would I...
after the first 3 days you want to increase the temp, this helps the yeast clean up the beer. if you have to age your barlywine for 4+ months then something went wrong... 4-5 weeks from pitching yeast to drink should be plenty for a barlywine.
can you make a starter now and pitch it in a few weeks? yes
will the yeast be as healthy and make as good beer as you would get from a fresh starter? no
it's more like a tea bag, you leave it in a cup for 5 mins then pull it out you get tea. if you put the same bag in for 5 mins in another cup then you get watered down tea.
there are calculations you can use to find out exactly what times you need to put them in but I don't have those numbers...
i have an open bag of DME on the shelf closed with a piece of tape. no need to do all these extra steps and burn the extract or mix cleaning chemicals with it. think of it as honey, you can leave it out for years and put it on your pancakes just fine. plus your gonna boil it... most people are...