Loss of flavor, and likely oxidation effects. To what degree depends on how the grain has been stored and/or if crushed. Uncrushed, sealed in an airtight container and in a cool place would minimize the degradation. If the grain has been stored in a bag, or worse yet, crushed, it may not be very good at all.
I'll tell you what... crushed grain that sits around for a couple months at room temperature makes really awful beer -- lacking any decent flavor and dominated by stale and almost metallic taste.
Gross. Lesson learned the hard way.
Can't really answer that question, too many factors involved. You are safe for a year, probably two. BUT that depends on how they are stored. How old were they before you bought them? Grains and hops are a plant crop, they only get harvested once a year. Not like there is a continuous supply of them being made. Best thing to do is taste the grain for yourself before using it.
I buy crushed.
Stored in bags in cool dark basement until use.
I try to brew within a week or two of receipt but Life can interfere. Silly Life.
Three months was the longest. It was fine but a little dull. Hard to really tell because (a) never made it before or since so nothing to compare; and (b) it was a darker amber brew and not a lighter brew that would show issues better.
I've made plenty that were 40-50days from purchase and they are fine.
One man's opinion.
YMMV
QED
etc.