I think your question is really about fracture modes of the pressure vessel, in this case, the bottle. Glass is a very hard and brittle material. If you drop a glass object onto a hard material (think bottle to concrete floor) from a very short distance, it will bounce but as the distance increases, the velocity does too which increases the deformation of the glass as we assume the concrete to not deform at all. At some point the deformation of the glass will become too great and the bottle will shatter.
Try this with a PET bottle. The PET plastic is not brittle and it will bounce. If you increase the velocity enough, the bottle will break but because it isn't a brittle structure, it tends to split in a single line and spill its contents. Thus, if you put too much pressure in the PET bottles (too much priming sugar) you may create a bottle bomb but it will not spray sharp particles all over, just beer. You will get an indication of too much pressure from the PET bottles too as they become more rigid when you try to squeeze them. If you open one with too much pressure from the carbon dioxide, you will have beer spraying all over too.
