Yes, you can use a growler for bottle carbing as long as the seal and bottle has the proper pressure rating for CO2 volume.
I've been interested in bulk carbing with pressure-rated growlers myself. They are expensive, though. I have several clear one liter Grolsch-style flip top bottles but don't trust them for carbonating beer, so I researched carbing in growlers that were made with heavier glass or metal. Northern Brewer and other outlets sell a couple versions of a German-made 2liter brown glass flip-top that is acceptable for carbing, but it's wise to keep the pressure in a conservative range like 2-2.5 volumes.
One of the most expensive versions is the GrowlerWorks U-Keg. It's made of metal and comes with a CO2 cylinder for storing your beer. The price puts it out of the range of most people but it can carb raw ale or lager.
Champagne bottles, on the other hand, will handle high levels of carbonation but require special attention. Many beer caps you'll find won't fit the mouth of a champagne bottle. You're better off corking and using a twist-wire to secure the cork, much like the 750ml Belgian Chimay bottles.