This discoloration appeared after my last brew. This is a Megapot 1.2 so it’s not a total cheapo pot. My boil on this last brew got going a bit more intense than usual. I caught it after about 10 minutes but did I do damage to the pot or my beer?

Or just forget it, it won't harm anything.
I wish I knew, but the boil was the craziest boil I’ve ever seen. Usually on that BG14 burner, you can’t turn it up too high without the flames starting to jump. But I apparently reached a new level with it!
Is it possible I caramelized some of the wort from this? If so, I guess I’m going to have an extra high FG.
To get those colors to show up you had to heat the kettle way above boiling which you accomplished by putting so much heat to the pot that it formed a huge steam bubble. Yes, you caramelized some of the wort. Too late to worry about this batch, watch your flame control from here on out.