The straw was anodized, not painted or powder coated. Anodizing can be a very resilient treatment, depending on the type (type 4 being very resilient). I suspect the straw was NOT type 4, but a much lower level.
The color is also applied as a dye during the process. After the aluminum oxide layer is formed. So it's possible that StarSan simply stripped the color/dye from the straw and not the actual anodized layer.
Personally, I would toss out the straw at this point in either case. If the anodized layer was still present it should be safe. If not, then you're drinking through raw aluminum (never a good idea). You could attempt boiling the straw in water for an extended period to create a new protection layer. IMO, it's not worth the effort or risk if you don't get it correct.
As for stripping the powder coating off of a bottle, better to simply media blast it. Or use a wire wheel/Scotch-brite disc on it. Especially since you don't want to remove the coating inside the bottle during the process.