From the lab - 1002 genomes

[Northern_Brewer]

The results of the 1002 Genomes Project (actually the genomes of 1011 yeasts) have finally been published in Nature. It wasn't particularly interested in wine and beer yeast as such, it intended to have a broad survey of S. cerevisiae from lots of different niches all over the world, from bats and trout to horse dung and lychee flowers.

The paper itself is pretty hard work, and the main interest is in the detail of the data - the headline is their evidence for S.cerevisiae originating in Eastern China and spreading out across the world from there, and being independently domesticated several times.

I've only looked at the beer strains so far, which includes some familiar faces - hopefully Suregork can add them to the Gallone family tree, and maybe confirm a few of the identities there. For the record, the code name, name, origin and DNA group are as follows - I've added a few things such as NCYC codes and a bit more origin information where I could find them :

CFD 1.3_Safale_US05 Fermentis (USA - from BRY-96 Chico) 11. Ale beer
CFG 1.6_Safale_S40 (S-04?) Fermentis (UK - from Whitbread B) 11. Ale beer
CFN 3.3_Safale_S-33 Fermentis (NA - EDME strain??) 8. Mixed origin
CFP 3.4_Safbrew_T-58 Fermentis (Belgium) 8. Mixed origin
CHK Win-8B Lallemand/Sicard lab (UK Windsor monospore) 8. Mixed origin
CFI 2.6_Windsor_British Lallemand (UK) 8. Mixed origin
CFH Nottingham_ale_1.8_Lallemand Lallemand (UK) 11. Ale beer
CFM 5.5_WLP090 White Labs "San Diego Super" (USA San Diego) 11. Ale beer
CFE 4.9_WLP099 White Labs, super high gravity (UK Thomas Hardy) 1. Wine/European
CFC 4.5_WLP530 White Labs Abbey ale (Belgium Westmalle) 11. Ale beer
CFF 6.2_WLP570 White Labs (Belgium Duvel/McEwans) 7. Mosaic beer
CPD "1175" Spoiled beer (NA) 7. Mosaic beer
AEB CBS1171/NCYC505 Brewers top yeast (Netherlands Oranjeboom) 11. Ale beer
ASH CLIB227/NCYC505 Beer holland (Netherlands`) 11. Ale beer
AQT CBS1230 Beer (Belgium Namur) 11. Ale beer
AEC CBS1248 Brewers yeast (NA) 11. Ale beer
AIG CBS1463 Beer bottom yeast (NA) 7. Mosaic beer
AHV CBS1487 Brewery (NA) 8. Mixed origin
AEQ CBS1782/NCYC361 Super-attenuated beer (Japan) 7. Mosaic beer
AAR CLIB382_1b/NCYC361 Beer (Ireland) 7. Mosaic beer
SACE_YAG YJM271/CBS1782/NCYC361 Brewery (NA) 7. Mosaic beer
AAC CBS2165a Brewers (UK England) 11. Ale beer
AEM CBS2973 Beer wort (NA) 8. Mixed origin
APP CBS382 Beer (Brazil Logos brewery ) 7. Mosaic beer
AAB CBS422a Beer (Ukraine Odessa) 7. Mosaic beer
ASD CBS4507 Brewer's yeast, English top yeast (NA) 1. Wine/European
AGB CBS6308/NCYC366 Brewer yeast, Yorkshire type (UK Sheffield, Tennant Bros (Exchange Brewery)) 11. Ale beer
AFA CBS6503 Brewery (UK) 7. Mosaic beer
AFP CBS6505/NCYC738 Brewery (Killer strain responsible for death of brewing yeast) (UK) 7. Mosaic beer
AFB CBS7371/NCYC1001 Brewery (UK) 7. Mosaic beer
AQG CBS7539 Turbid beer (Bulgaria Plovdiv) 7. Mosaic beer
ATV CECT1462/NCYC963 Beer (UK Strain 7) 11. Ale beer
AAQ CLIB272_2 Beer (USA) 7. Mosaic beer
BDL CLQCA_10-386 Beer (Equador) 8. Mixed origin
BSI DBVPG6693 Beer (Belgium) 11. Ale beer
BRP DBVPG6694 Artois Peterman beer (Belgium) 11. Ale beer
BRQ DBVPG6695 Orval (Belgium) 11. Ale beer
CBR NCYC_1187 Ale strain (UK. Hull/Ringwood??) 11. Ale beer
CBN NCYC_88/Yeast S/NCTC6479 Ale strain (UK. Midlands?? powdery) 7. Mosaic beer

To be clear, the "Mosaic beer" grouping has nothing to do with Mosaic hops, it's a group of beer yeasts that have a patchwork of DNA from different sources.

 

[suregork]

Here are some preliminary results. If the closest match is the clade rather than a single strain from the Gallone strains, then there was no very close match. Hopefully the formatting looks ok Some results are quite strange, e.g. WLP530 being closest to Beer095 (I wonder if it really was WLP530 that they sequenced?) and S-33 and Windsor seem very close.

Closest match    Code    Info
Beer007    CFD    1.3_Safale_US05 Fermentis (USA - from BRY-96 Chico) 11. Ale beer
Beer101    CFG    1.6_Safale_S40 (S-04?) Fermentis (UK - from Whitbread B) 11. Ale beer
Beer005 / Mixed    CFN    3.3_Safale_S-33 Fermentis (NA - EDME strain??) 8. Mixed origin
Beer006    CFP    3.4_Safbrew_T-58 Fermentis (Belgium) 8. Mixed origin
Beer005 / Mixed    CHK    Win-8B Lallemand/Sicard lab (UK Windsor monospore) 8. Mixed origin
Beer005 / Mixed    CFI    2.6_Windsor_British Lallemand (UK) 8. Mixed origin
Beer064    CFH    Nottingham_ale_1.8_Lallemand Lallemand (UK) 11. Ale beer
Beer071    CFM    5.5_WLP090 White Labs "San Diego Super" (USA San Diego) 11. Ale beer
Beer033    CFE    4.9_WLP099 White Labs, super high gravity (UK Thomas Hardy) 1. Wine/European
Beer095    CFC    4.5_WLP530 White Labs Abbey ale (Belgium Westmalle) 11. Ale beer
Beer085    CFF    6.2_WLP570 White Labs (Belgium Duvel/McEwans) 7. Mosaic beer
Beer 2    CPD    "1175" Spoiled beer (NA) 7. Mosaic beer
Beer 1 - Bel/Ger    AEB    CBS1171/NCYC505 Brewers top yeast (Netherlands Oranjeboom) 11. Ale beer
Beer 1 - Bel/Ger    ASH    CLIB227/NCYC505 Beer holland (Netherlands`) 11. Ale beer
Beer015    AQT    CBS1230 Beer (Belgium Namur) 11. Ale beer
Beer042    AEC    CBS1248 Brewers yeast (NA) 11. Ale beer
Beer 2    AIG    CBS1463 Beer bottom yeast (NA) 7. Mosaic beer
Mixed    AHV    CBS1487 Brewery (NA) 8. Mixed origin
Beer 2    AEQ    CBS1782/NCYC361 Super-attenuated beer (Japan) 7. Mosaic beer
Beer 2    AAR    CLIB382_1b/NCYC361 Beer (Ireland) 7. Mosaic beer
Beer019    AAC    CBS2165a Brewers (UK England) 11. Ale beer
Mixed    AEM    CBS2973 Beer wort (NA) 8. Mixed origin
Mixed    APP    CBS382 Beer (Brazil Logos brewery ) 7. Mosaic beer
Beer003    AAB    CBS422a Beer (Ukraine Odessa) 7. Mosaic beer
Beer 1 - UK    AGB    CBS6308/NCYC366 Brewer yeast, Yorkshire type (UK Sheffield, Tennant Bros (Exchange Brewery)) 11. Ale beer
Beer 2    AFA    CBS6503 Brewery (UK) 7. Mosaic beer
Beer 2    AFP    CBS6505/NCYC738 Brewery (Killer strain responsible for death of brewing yeast) (UK) 7. Mosaic beer
Beer032    AFB    CBS7371/NCYC1001 Brewery (UK) 7. Mosaic beer
Beer002    AQG    CBS7539 Turbid beer (Bulgaria Plovdiv) 7. Mosaic beer
Beer 1 - UK    ATV    CECT1462/NCYC963 Beer (UK Strain 7) 11. Ale beer
Beer 2    AAQ    CLIB272_2 Beer (USA) 7. Mosaic beer
Beer038 / Mixed    BDL    CLQCA_10-386 Beer (Equador) 8. Mixed origin
Beer 1 - Bel/Ger    BSI    DBVPG6693 Beer (Belgium) 11. Ale beer
Beer077    BRP    DBVPG6694 Artois Peterman beer (Belgium) 11. Ale beer
Beer041    BRQ    DBVPG6695 Orval (Belgium) 11. Ale beer
Beer048    CBR    NCYC_1187 Ale strain (UK. Hull/Ringwood??) 11. Ale beer
Beer003 / Beer 2    CBN    NCYC_88/Yeast S/NCTC6479 Ale strain (UK. Midlands?? powdery) 7. Mosaic beer

 

[Northern_Brewer]

Great stuff - thanks again for taking the time to do all this. There follows my annotated version - it's interesting to see S-33 and Windsor as close relatives, @isomerization PCRs had suggested they were very similar along with London ESB and being in that mixed group suggests why they were always thought a bit weird! Not surprising I guess that Fermentis yeasts got low code numbers, don't know what is going on with "Safale S40" which I assumed was S-04 unless that right hand end of the UK Group 1 is all wrong.

US-05 - Beer007, confirmation of the Chico group, closest to Beer102 ("US beer") and then putative 1056.
"S40" (S-04??) - Beer 101 is other end of the British group to what was thought to be WLP007 Whitbread B, it groups with putative WLP006 Bedford and WLP013 London. WTF??
S-33 = Windsor - Beer005 POF- from a Belgian beer in the ragbag group with WLP036 Alt and various whisky and bread yeasts.
T-58 -Beer006 POF+ from unknown secondary fermentation also in the same group
CLQCA_10-386 Ecuador - Beer038 (unknown lager)/mixed - WLP036 Alt relative
NCYC361 - Group 2, seems to be a diastatic contaminant?
NCYC963 - UK Group 1
NCYC505 - Not surprising to see the Oranjeboom yeasts as a Belgian/German I - is this Wyeast 1026?
NCYC_1187 Ringwood - Beer048 WLP005 Ringwood - long been assumed, nice to see confirmed
Nottingham ale - Beer064 = WLP039 East Midlands Phew!
WLP090 - Beer071 confirmed as WLP090 San Diego
WLP099 - Beer033 already confirmed as WLP099 "Thomas Hardy"
WLP530 "Westmalle" - Beer095 ?!?! Previously guessed to be Beer078, Beer095 is "unknown beer" 2xWTF?
WLP570 - Beer085 already confirmed as WLP570 "Duvel/McEwan"
CBS1230 - Beer015 POF- outlier in Belgian I group of abbey/wits. Namur is close to Rochefort?
CBS2165a ("UK") - Beer019 ("Canadian beer") POF- close to WLP023 Burton
CBS7539 - Beer002 both say Bulgaria - cousin of Group2
CBS422a - Beer003 both say Ukraine, Group 2 close to WLP038 Manchester
NCYC_88 is very close to the Ukrainian strain? Assume it's gone from Britain to Ukraine? NCYC88 is a famous strain used in the early days of British beer research.
CBS1248 - Beer042 Mosaic strain from a Belgian lager - so Stella??? Loosely related to WLP025 Southwold
DBVPG6694 Artois Peterman lager - Beer077 Belgian Trappist, thought to be WLP510 "Orval"
DBVPG6695 Orval - Beer041 Belgian Lager related to WLP800 Pilsner and WLP320 US Hefe - looks like these two were swapped?

 

[suregork]

Yes, looks like DBCPG6694 and 95 may mistakenly have swapped places in the 1002 genomes paper. Regarding WLP530, I'm really not sure what is going on. I'll keep looking at the data though and see what I find out. I'll get back to your email later today or during the weekend!

 

[Northern_Brewer]

The tireless @suregork has produced an updated family tree of nearly 1200 yeast genomes, so if you want to know how trout yeast are related to Chico, this is your go-to reference. Amazing work from all concerned : http://beer.suregork.com/?p=4000

 

[Northern_Brewer]

FWIW the Strasbourg team have now turned their attention to Brettanomyces bruxellensis - 53, mostly wine strains but there are a few from Belgium : YJS5340, YJS5344, YJS5407, YJS5392, YJS5463, YJS5396, YJS5416 and without a country of origin : YJS5301, YJS5310, YJS5302, YJS5319, YJS5320, YJS5345, YJS5347, YJS5357

https://doi.org/10.1101/826990

This complements the Avramova et al study last year, which looked in less detail (microsatellites) at 1488 strains : https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-22580-7 which inferred many Brett-B were triploid, and there were distinct groups depending on source

 

[@RoyalGallon]

Having grown up in Sheffield and remembering the exchange brewery working I’m fascinated by : AGB CBS6308/NCYC366 Brewer yeast, Yorkshire type (UK Sheffield, Tennant Bros (Exchange Brewery)) 11. Ale beer

I wonder what it was used to produce. I’m assuming the Whitbread best I remember pulling in the working men’s clubs - a slightly darker bitter than Stones that used to have a fantastic creamy 2” head when pulled with the sparkler as tight as possible.

however they also did a ‘lager’ Gold label - not the barley wine. I’m sure this was a local brew to South Yorkshire and it died out in the 90s. It was malty and flavoursome compared to the alternative Heineken or Carlin’s Black Label and I’ve often thought it was maybe a light golden ale that was mashed and fermented cooler.

I don’t know if the OP or anyone else has any knowledge or thoughts about this yeast?

 

[Northern_Brewer]

It'll be like a lot of those NCYC yeasts, not a lot will be known about it beyond brewery records and what's in the NCYC database. In this case "isolated in 1948 from pitching yeast at the Exchange Brewery Sheffield" from a "Yorkshire Square Stone system" and deposited by Wiles in 1952. So presumably part of the production multistrain, although you can never assume that for certain.

Seems to have become a bit of a favourite of Tony Rose and others at Bath in the 1970s-80s, as an example of a non-floccing yeast when they were studying yeast cell membranes and floccing behaviour, they published a few papers that mention it.

Ron Pattinson has published a fair bit on Gold Label; the Sheffield version (at least the 1950s version) was different to the version brewed at Chiswell St in the 1970s, which was one of only two beers they did that used pilsner malt and Hallertau. The other was Brewmaster Export, which had a gold label and may be what you are thinking of? Although Gold Label is still sold in some supermarkets and a few pubs, I can't imagine it will be with us for much longer.

 

[bierhaus15]

Having grown up in Sheffield and remembering the exchange brewery working I’m fascinated by : AGB CBS6308/NCYC366 Brewer yeast, Yorkshire type (UK Sheffield, Tennant Bros (Exchange Brewery)) 11. Ale beer

I wonder what it was used to produce. I’m assuming the Whitbread best I remember pulling in the working men’s clubs - a slightly darker bitter than Stones that used to have a fantastic creamy 2” head when pulled with the sparkler as tight as possible.

however they also did a ‘lager’ Gold label - not the barley wine. I’m sure this was a local brew to South Yorkshire and it died out in the 90s. It was malty and flavoursome compared to the alternative Heineken or Carlin’s Black Label and I’ve often thought it was maybe a light golden ale that was mashed and fermented cooler.

I don’t know if the OP or anyone else has any knowledge or thoughts about this yeast?

Curious timing of your comment, as not long ago I harvested the yeast from a bottle of Whitbread Celebration Ale 1992. The yeast is a single strain and while I've not brewed with it yet, it was produced at the Whitbread Exchange brewery in Sheffield. That brewery also used a lager yeast, although I am not sure if it was the same Danish yeast used in Whitbreads other lager facilities.

 

[@RoyalGallon]

I was thinking on about this last night and recall it was Whitbread Trophy Bitter not best bitter I had in mind - although it could be the same thing.

I also found this photo of an old beer mat for Gold Label Lager following the links down a rabbit hole from @Nothernbrewer
Funny how it sells itself as a beery lager.
https://assets.catawiki.nl/assets/2016/6/29/8/d/f/8dfb8fcc-3df9-11e6-81c9-e19eff462dd3.jpg

 

[Northern_Brewer]

Trophy was Whitbread's national brand of best, but there was up to a dozen different variations of it as they just rebranded the old best recipe from each brewery they bought, to keep the "local" taste, whereas eg Tankard was a single national 3.9% keg bitter.

Given their flexibility on these things, maybe Gold Label lager was either a local or short-lived national rebrand of Brewmaster? Ron Pattinson would probably know. Most of the traditional brewers tried to respond to the lager craze of the early-mid 70s with their own efforts, mostly made with ale yeasts or at least barely lagered - eg Grunhalle from Greenalls and Einkorn (ie Unicorn) from Robinsons. They were all pretty terrible and were soon replaced by "proper" lagers, either imported or brewed under license.