I'm no pro, but I've made apple wine before and had the same question. From what I could tell, it's just a matter of ABV- Wine is higher ABV (10%+), Cider is lower (~5%)..
I don't think carbonation makes any difference, because they have still cider, and sparkling wine at the store.
I have made both. For an easy comparison apple wine is usually fermented on the fleshy parts of tart apples along with the pectic enzymes, yeast nutrients, etc. Hard cider starts from fresh pressed cider or apple juice, no pulp or apple flesh.