what exactly is "head" for a pump? the amount of lift it can pump a liquid? i shouldn't ever have to pump 18' above my pump, but i assume that it means more pressure when i'm pumping at lower head?
Static head is simply the height of the water column (when nothing is moving). This can be easily converted to psi (1 vertical ft = 0.433 psi). Dynamic head includes the frictional losses in the pipes, hoses, fittings etc. The max head with pump in regard to pump specs (performance curves) is the shut off head or max height the pump is capable of, but even though the fluid will reach this height, the flow will be zero. At anything less than the max head, there will be flow and the flow will increase as the head decreases. The rate of change is not linear and that's why the performance curve is necessary. There is also the head on the suction side of a pump to consider which will offset the pressure head on the output side. I may not have this exactly right, but it should be a reasonably close explanation.