1 week is a minimum time, once you have a firm grasp on your system. 2 weeks is a safe bet for anyone. These are for average beers.
I will begin fermentation at proper temps, say 60-65ish, for a couple days then ramp it up a few degrees towards 70ish. Yeast produce their tasty (or untasty) bi-products during the first stages of fermentation. Once the active fermentation stage is reached (Lag phase and Growth phase is finished) then bi-products are not produced at the same level they are during the first stages.
So:
Lag and Growth Phase at lower end of fermentation range (example 65F)
Active Fermentation at higher range of fermentation range (example 70F+)
Sedimentation Phase at fridge temps (example 35-40F)
With this process "I" can reach a ready to bottle/keg product after 5-7 days. 2 weeks if I don't have the time.
On that note though, I would not have a problem leaving the beer in primary for up to 6 months, as long as the temps do not get too high.