often a beer will act like it is carbonated pretty fast, but it actually takes more time to fully carbonate.
^^very true, in my experience.
It's often mentioned that people will fill at least one plastic bottle and then use that bottle to check the progress of carbonation by squeezing it to see how much pressure has built up inside.
IMO this trick isn't good for much more than a rough confirmation that carbonation is happening; it doesn't say much at all about whether the carbonation process is complete. When I use plastic bottles, they can be rock solid at 3-4 days after bottling day, but that doesn't mean the carbonation of the beer is at a good level for drinking.
If you really want to fast track it, you can usually get away with leaving the beer at room temperature for about a week then putting it in the fridge for 1-2 weeks more before drinking. The extended time in the fridge is important because cold beer can hold more gas in solution than room temp beer. So, you build up the CO2 pressure during the room temperature phase, then chill the bottles to facilitate dissolving of that CO2 into the beer.
You can start sampling after just a few days in the fridge if you really want, just be aware that it will be better if you wait.
I don't do really high-gravity stuff, but I've heard that can take longer to carbonate. Also, cold crashing can add some time to the carbonation period because less yeast makes it into the bottle.