Pull the fanbelt (serpentine) and try to turn the engine over with a wrench on the crank pulley nut. See how easy it turns (It's shouldn't be easy, but shouldn't be stuck or make grinding noises when you turn it)
This won't rule out internal engine trouble, but it might reveal it.
It's highly unlikely to be the alternator. In general when they fail it's a bearing and it makes a lot of bad noise well in advance of giving up. It's possible that the bearing on the pulley seized, but again, REALLY bad noise before it goes bad. If the bearing were to seize it *might* cause some resistance to the motor and cause it to shut down, but this is on the far end of possibilities.
There is nothing, really, inside the alternator that should come apart and get caught. It's basically an electric motor with windings and a stator and spins freely. Most of the time the only things that go wrong with them are voltage regulators, burnt windings, and bearings/bushings. And I think it would be nearly impossible for a bearing to actually seize an engine.