An airlock is a specially designed two or three piece plastic chamber which you stick into the top of your carboy, to allow carbon dioxide out and to keep air and other nasty things away from your beer.
When you get a particularly active fermentation, beer and hop particles will push into the airlock, sometimes clogging the small tubing and creating enough pressure in the carboy to blow off the lid. to prevent clogging, you replace the airlock with regular sanitized plastic tubing, leading to a jar of sanitized water. This is a blowoff tube. Because it is wider than the airlock, it will not clog, and you prevent a huge mess.