That's far, far more than can be encompassed in this forum, alas.
I've done everything from plausibly medieval English unhopped ale to 1950s American (Brooklyn) lager, using equipment and techniques appropriate to the beer. I figured out how to look at mash liquor and tell if it's the right temperature, how to redact things like what the hell is a Haarlem
achtendeel.
For me, historical brewing is an obsession within the obsession of brewing. There's a lot of it - like figuring out what mash temperature liquor looks like - that's best done learning with someone who knows it through and through. You know, like a medieval apprentice! I did it the hard way, with thermometers and dozens of notebooks full of carefully-scribed charts.
It really is pretty easy - the hardest part is mash temperatures. Once you figure how to do that without instruments, the rest is freakin' cake. Boil. Cool to blood-warm or below. Ferment. When fermentation ceases, package.
It's actually quite refreshing from the really anal-retentive OCD we usually practice, with our refractometers and gram scales and methylene blue stains. Yeah, it's nowhere near as consistent, but it always tickles the hell out of me when I taste a beer I made over a freakin' fire without instruments and it tastes
good.
The best place to start is making friends with a reference librarian. The books referenced above aren't even good starts. They're full of poorly understood, uncited misinformation. Know that the further back in time you go, the less well-documented will be your journey. I don't venture too much further back than the 1550s, because it's too hard to find firm data. But there are all kind of master's theses and stuff that can be utterly fascinating glimpses into the brewing industry of, say, the Netherlands in the early to mid-16th century.
Simply put, my advice is to travel back step by step. Go gently, in stages. Visit the early 20th century, then walk through the 19th, and so on. You'll start divesting yourself of technology the further back you go, and gain some valuable brewing XP every time you level.
Check this thread:
https://www.homebrewtalk.com/f14/beer-history-sites-58021/
and Flyangler's Medieval Ale thread:
https://www.homebrewtalk.com/f14/medieval-ale-discussion-experiences-101776/
Try the latter; you won't regret it, even though it's well outside the norm for what we think of as "beer".
Cheers!
Bob