You could also get a bucket at Home Depot or Lowe's, and just drill the hole in the lid yourself, if the LHBS isn't that convenient.
...Unless you have to go to the LHBS for the ingredients anyways. In which case, ignore me.
Most people wouldn't recommend that, as even a small amount of krausening will overflow. You MAY have some success using Fermcap to keep it down - but simply being patient may pay off more. Or purchasing another primary bucket.
Ignore the instructions. You probably want the beer in the fermenter for 3 weeks.
I wouldn't recommend peeking, but I also understand the urge. I've done it myself many times without issue.
Add some more water, or even some vodka. And be patient, leave it in the fermenter for longer than the directions specify.
I started with that kit. Don't let the results of it discourage you if they're less than spectacular - make your next batch a more quality extract and steep batch.
That...
I stand on a stool, point a fan at my torso, and right at the crescendo of an opera song I dramatically throw the hops into the boil as if I were casting Satan down into hell.
Don't worry about the consistency of the hop pellets. They go through enough stress to even get them in that form, so they'll be fine. The pellets dissipate anyways.
I personally don't even filter them, they settle out in the primary and that's that. Some people are more concerned with that...
There's nothing wrong with leaving it in the primary that long. And since you're kegging, I would go ahead and brew it, keep in an ice bath to keep the temps down, until the controller gets in, and then put it in the chamber. Force carb when you return.
Leaving it on the yeast for an extra 2...