Butterfly valves are really only meant to be either open or closed, not very good at regulating flow rate. Diaphragm valves, globe valves, and even ball valves are better for that purpose.
Could you elaborate on your method? So you have a pressurized container of priming solution that you are somehow attaching to the pressure release valve on the keg lid, and transferring without opening it to atmosphere?
I don't see any silicone in the OP's setup. It looks like he uses the most common black Buna-N rubber o-rings, which are just fine. They have the lowest permeability of any other common o-ring materials.
http://www.mtm-inc.com/av-20101216-how-to-select-o-ring-materials-for-vacuum-applications.html
Long term exposure of phosphoric acid (e.g. Star-San) can damage silicone. I've had silicone o-rings dissolve in Star-San. My recommendation would be to limit contact and keep temperatures low.
A lot of the flavor development utilizing the maillard process is dependent on the nitrogen source. In the case of wort the amino acids and proteins are resulting different (tasting) maillard products. If I remember correctly RyanBrews was experimenting with how different sources of the amino...
Sanitary specification is a complex topic when dealing with food and especially pharmaceutical applications. Even the finish on stainless steel surfaces needs to be at a certain level of polish, which many of the popular homebrew pumps (e.g. March) lack even if you were to remove all threads not...