there are bacteria, wild yeast, etc floating about in the air (actually on dust). so even though you're not allowing in air, you've captured some air in there - so you might have enough nasties to make something bad happen. or nothing might happen.
technically, things can start to so south as soon as the sanitizer has dried. i don't have an answer as to how long is too long, however it's not that hard to throw some sanitizer in there just before you use the vessel, slosh it around and dump out. i have a dedicated bucket of star san on hand at all times. after swirling around in the fermenter i return to the star san to the bucket and re-use it. star san can keep for months if you keep it relatively free of crud and don't dilute it with other liquids.