Orfy,
If you look up the specifics on the grain you're using, you will find a PPG number Point per Pound per Gallon. This number is the SG points that 1 pound of this grain will give you at 100% effeciency in 1 gallon of water.
So you must know your effeciency to calculate it.
Say you're getting a 70% effeciency in your mash. Your grain has a 38 PPG potential.
You will only achieve 26.6 PPG with your mash at 70% effeciency.
Now with this known base malt extraction rate, look at the expected OG for the recipe.
Say 1.050. 50 divided by 26.6 is 1.88 lbs of grain for each gallon of water.
Make that batch 5 gallons and you need 9.4 lbs of grain.
Make sence?