It doesn't matter where the tank is. Pressure is pressure. Your tank WILL read a lower pressure when it's cold than when it's warm but the same amount of gas is still in there.
The keg will perform similar to bottling. Add the same amount of priming sugar to your keg as you would to your bottling bucket. I was a little nervous and went easy on the sugar, but then I had to add CO2 pressure to get it up to my taste. You don't have to keep them cold either, you just need...
I may get a few slaps on the wrist for saying this, but I have never paid attention to my gravity readings. Only when I'm just curious because the hydrometer came with my kit.. Priming sugar would only add about 0.002 to your gravity.
Don't worry one bit about your beer.
I usually recruit someone to fill a bottle with a couple ounces, put thumb over opening, and shake. Dump back into pot of star san. Set on a cookie sheet and repeat for the next bottles.
I WOULD NOT USE IT!!
Sorry for the caps but I would never mess around with a huge glass container that has structural problems. You really do not want to be holding that thing when it breaks apart and the glass shards slice all the way through your skin and tendons.
At the very LEAST, let it all drain out. It's not super important but you'll get a little more flavor.
It's like getting the last few squeezes of toothpaste out of the tube.
Place your primary bucket on the shelf and wait half a day. Anything that got stirred up should mostly settle. Other than that just keep your siphon off the bottom and lower it as the beer level goes down. When you get to the bottom start to tilt the bucket. And don't worry if you have to leave...
A couple questions...
Where did you get this kit from? It would be interesting to read the ingredients and procedure. Quality of your kit makes ALL the difference. A crappy kit will make your beer taste like "butt." The recipe they use can be poor quality, also the ingredients could be old and...
How come you only have 2 gallons of beer?? :(
That could cause less aggressive bubbling. A small amount of beer with a lot of extra air space. You should be fine though, don't worry. Do not make judgements after only 17 hours. I usually give it a whole day before I even start to think about...
Just dump it all in, I don't think it really matters. If you use a lot of hops then filtering through a strainer isn't a bad idea. I did a brew with 6-8 ounces of hops once and had a LOT of trub.