The real answer is put in an internal thermomter attached to a temperature controller. However, that's impracticle for the reasons you described. During initial ferementation the yeast will produce heat. The interior of the vessel wil be higher than the perimeter. As yeast tapers off the wort will cool down. Whe I first started brewing I dropped a sanitized and waterproof temp probe through the bung alongside the airlock and got consistently 3 degreesF higher internal temp than the stick on thermometer. Now I just set the temp controller in the middle of the yeast range with the temp probe insulated to the side of the plastic fermenter and let it swing up and down, still usually within the range of the yeast. My temp controller is set at the default 3 degreees swing to prevent short cycling of heating and cooling elements, so I call it good.