I find that a Thermoworks thermapen works well. The probe is thin, like a needle, so you don't need to worry about gouging a big hole in your loaves. I bake a lot of rye bread from a rye sour I've had going for several years. The best way I've found to gauge doneness is by temperature, for rye, 198 - 202 F.Thanks for all the helpful answers.
Interesting, I'll read up on that.
Okay, I don't use any thermometer.
https://www.thermoworks.com/tx-1002x-np/This seems to be a part of a larger system? Is there convenient budget thermometer I can measure the temperature of my bread with?
Okay, I will take extra care to keep the dough clean. I have the issue consistently with my bread, maybe my starter is contaminated?
Mine is moist even when cooled. I think measuring the temperature of the bread is a good approach. If the temperature is correct, maybe I just have to put less water in it.
That is good to know.
What's that?
I've never had a starter get contaminated -- die from neglect, yes, but contaminated, no. Does your starter still smell good?
As for moisture, moist is one thing, gummy is another. How are you kneading -- by hand, in a stand mixer, bread machine? You should be able to get a good feel for moisture if you need by hand. In a stand mixer, it's also not too hard, you just have to watch what the dough is doing on the dough hook and give it a poke with a finger (turning off the machine first!) once in awhile.
Finally, may I recommend The Bread Baker's Apprentice? It's a wonderful resource of techniques and recipes.
Happy baking!