Carbonation is an interesting subject. My personal taste is that most beers are overcarbonated. I don't know if overcarb is designed to disguise off-flavors or if it's just what some people like.
Carbonation is part of mouthfeel and influences flavor, but too muchm, for me, interferes with flavor and enjoyment.
I've never heard of a parameter or some such--other than PSI or # of volumes--that would define what you're looking to describe.