Once it's fully carbonated you can remove it from the gas feed and store it, if you wish. How long that takes depends on the method you use. If you remove it before it's fully carbonated, then you'll need to give it more time when you connect it again to finish carbonating.
Personally, I partially carbonate my kegs before i start chilling them. Mostly due to only having room for four kegs in the brew fridge. This means the kegs finish carbonating a bit faster once in the fridge. I still use the two week 'set and forget' method. Some use the rapid force method, but that can be tricky and you'll still need to balance the carbonation with some time. Bobby_M has a tread about doing a hybrid method that can work too, you just need to be careful and find the balance point there.