soldering a fitting into a keg without cutting open the top would be very difficult. you really need to fill the seam in the inside of the joint with solder in order to be strong and sanitary. I've seen several methods/products for soldering fittings, but they all basically boil down to: cut a hole, create a dimple, pull a fitting through the dimple and solder the back-side seam filling the dimple with solder.(
https://www.brewhardware.com/product_p/ptbulkhead.htm) all of these steps require that you can get your hands inside the vessel. you might be able to solder on a weldable spud (
https://www.brewhardware.com/product_p/spud.htm) from the outside, but I still suspect that getting a sanitary seam on the inside of the spud would be difficult.
Does the thermowell need to change length or does the distance you insert the probe into the well need to change? what would be the issue with having the probe/well a fixed length? in large/10gal batches the probe would effectively be at the lower half (bottom 2.5 gallon level) of the wort, and for small/5gal batches it would be in the middle of the wort. as long as the probe is in the wort, I doubt you'll see much difference in temp readings between the upper-portion and lower-portion. (temperature stratification can be an issue with large fermenters -- I'm not sure that a 1/2bbl sankey quite qualifies as large though)