I made some hard cider last year around mid Oct, hoping it would be ready for Christmas. It was fully fermented, but did not carbonate properly. I was given the advice, pretty strongly by Revvy and others, that with proper amounts of sugar and active yeast time and temp will lead to carbonation.
I had 3 gallons made with US-04 and 3 gallons with Montrachet. I calculated the abv to be in the 10% range for each, according to hydrometer readings. This Thanksgiving, nearly a full year later, the carbonation is still not what I was expecting with the 5 oz of corn sugar I used for the 6 gallons.
Montrachet is tolerant to 13-15% depending on who you refer to, there is plenty of anecdotal evidence that S-04 is tolerant to about 12%.
Storage was at about 70 degrees.
There is sediment in the bottle, so the yeast was present and active, and did act on the priming sugar I put in.
Several calculators indicate 5-5.5 oz of corn sugar will produce 2.5 vols in 6 gallons.
I used my bottling want and have a consistent fill level, headspace left by removing the wand from a bottle filled to the brim.
One year later both variants are carbed pretty much equally. More than last year, but not much more, and not to what I would expect from 2.5 vols, given my experience with beer carbonation levels.
Regardless of the advice given by many here, I now believe there is at least one additional outlying factor beside time, temperature, yeast health/activity and alcohol tolerance that affects carbonation.
I have not experienced that issue before the cider, or since. I have no clue what the cause may be. I have to consider I measured the sugar wrong, but that mistake would have had to happen twice as there were two 3 gallon batches, and I use a digital scale, so I put the chances of that risk pretty low.
I have bottled lots of beer with good results, I believe I have a consistent procedure that gives consistent results. I can only deduce there is something different about cider, but that seems not terribly likely.
I have quit looking for explanation, but have not forgotten. Maybe one day the light will come on.