Beer is generally considered safe from
foodborne pathogens due to several intrinsic and extrinsic hurdles. These traditional hurdles include ethanol concentration (typically 3.5–5.0%), hops bitter acids (approx. 17–55 ppm iso-alpha acids), low pH (approx. 3.9–4.4), high amounts of dissolved carbon dioxide (2–2.5 v/v), low oxygen (<0.1 ppm), and lack of nutritive substances (
Leistner, 2000,
Menz et al., 2009). In addition, processing methods such as mashing, wort boiling,
pasteurization, sterile filtration, and cold storage provide further protection against harmful microorganisms (
Menz et al., 2011).