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I have seen in kegs and glassware that if PBW is allowed to sit for a long time with exposure to air, a white ring forms. I can't seem to get rid of this. I've tried Bar Keeper's Friend, more PBW, Star-San, Sani-Clean. Any thoughts?

Gypsum will lower your mash pH, not raise it. To raise the pH, use baking soda or chalk. You need very little baking soda, say ~ 1 gram to go up by 0.1, depending on thickness. You need a whole lot more chalk, around 3 - 5 grams.

I have a batch of a Belgian Quad that is 5 weeks old and I want to bulk age it for another couple of months before bottling. I was wondering if I wanted to bottle a few for competition first and chose to use the Cooper's carb drops, is one enough to get 2.8 volumes of CO2 or do I need 1.5 drops...

Sounds about right, cruelkix.

I realize this is a dead post, but I thought it would be good to share: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/gases-solubility-water-d_1148.html It shows at atmospheric pressure Nitrogen is soluble but barely. 0.03 g N2 per kg water at near freezing temps. This is 100x less than CO2. I think this...

Well something to think about is that if the cure layer has been breached (by drilling holes and/or not using cement to seal the joints) the extraction coefficient is much larger and the decay is much less steep. That being said, I would guess that after maybe 15 - 20 brew sessions you might see...

HHP: Yes, that is the case. There is the law of limiting returns meaning that if the total amount of organotin in the pipe is x than say brew 1 leaches 30%x and each subsequent brew will leach less. Eventually all the organotin is washed out. The greater the surface area, the more will be...

SO I've read the whole paper a few times, and the results it reports seems to be only that of the loop experiment, where the only CPVC in contact with the extractant is the surface. Some of the other experiments they talked about but did not report the results like the fragmented pipe would be...

One thing to be careful about is that oxygen is much more soluble in beer when the beer is cold. This could hasten oxidation in the beer if racking, stirring and filling while cold. Also the sugar water would be less miscible with the beer which may lead to some beers being more carbonated and...

Broadbill: A) I never said we had data suggesting that organotins are bad for you and wasn't willing to share that. You misread me. There is tons of literature on how bad they are and why they are toxic. As clear as I can put it, I have data on the extraction of organotin from CPVC and PVC...

Sorry, I don't know anything about PEX. That is not my area of work. Sorry!

How did you read that so quickly? I guess I'm a slow reader. I'll look over it (it's very dense) and get back to you. One thing I would bring up is that it's from 1982, almost 30 years old. Just as a comparison, any internal reports at my place of work more than 15 years old are considered...

For all those looking for proof, here are two papers similar to the work I'm doing, but on PVC. The data is a bit lower on CPVC, but again I can't release numbers.: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021967397002641#secx15 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aoc.246/pdf...

Ummm, the MSDS and toxicity reports say how dangerous it is, not the industries. The EU's REACH and the US's EPA regulate how much can be in a product and be legally used in commercial/residential applications. We just try to figure out how to reduce the residual contaminants. Stop jumping to...

That is not the way things are done in industry. That is academia and the public sector, when advancement of knowledge is a desired goal. In industry having an upper hand on your competitors and complying with international regulations are the driving forces behind innovation, research and...

A) If you clean your keggles with PBW at the end of brewing why do you do it again at the beginning? B) Why use bleach at all if you're just going to rinse in star san any way? C) 12 - 14 hrs? Do you do each step in series? Try doing things in parallel. I would eliminate steps 2, 4, 6 as...

Good riddance masshole. We all know there is a difference b/w toxicity, cancer suspect agents and death. You're not funny.:off:

I never intended to post that info on here at all. A friend of mine posted it after I told him about what I thought. I just came on here to defend it. I know people want to defend something they use because they don't want to change. I understand that, and I'm saying keep using what you are. I'm...

Part of my own research project I've been working on for the past three years. It's not public. It is confidential, owned by my employer.

Again I run into confidentiality issues. Legally I can't say how much leaches out, but like I said, above 150°F you get into the acutely toxic levels, and that's at neutral pH's. Toxicity levels are measured in many different ways, mg/kg, ppt, total mg extracted or mg/hr depending on what...