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Your grain should be the filter. Use Braid, manifold or false bottom. It's tried and proven. I prefer a false bottom myself.

15 gallons minimum or 20 gal if you like. More is better because you can brew strong beers (big beers) if desired.

Yes, polarity matters. You can use that cord if you mark the wires (White GND) and (Black Hot). The reason for this is because if you happen to have 2 cords powering your equipment they would short to ground if they were reversed on 1 circuit and there were any interconnections between the 2...

Oh Yeah, the lower temp is a lot less bananna and I actually prefer a bit less bananna myself. Some like it more bananna though. Having a refrigerator and a Ranco controller is a must if you want reliable results. When I speak of temperature I am talking about the beer itself and not the air...

After a while you get to know your equipment and know how much hotter than strike temp you have to be to arrive at the mash temperature spot on. Once that happens you are good to go. Put insulation foam into hollow lids and that helps a lot.

My rule is 2 weeks minimum in the primary. Most of the time I never use a secondary fermenter. Never use secondary's for ales.

Yes, it is to keep out the beasties, flying bugs, butterflys, leaves, dust, bacteria etc. Chill quickly! Ferment in the lower end of the yeasts working temperature range for 2 weeks minimum. Bottle or keg. I seldom use secondarys for Lagers and never for ales.

You are right. Keep it cool at the lower end of the range that the yeast works at. Let it primary 2 weeks, then bottle or keg.

Leave it alone.... Step back from the fermenter.......... Don't mess with it. Beer takes 2 weeks minimum to finish. Keep it cool. Yeast love that and so does the beer.

Get a Ranco. They are the best!!! The Ranco ETC Store

You can siphon/beertheif some of the beer and taste it and like yooperbrew said, the 10 points of OG = 1 month is a nice rule but you can go longer if you like too but the rule is a good one.

If you make a starter for a liquid yeast that has been overheated then cells that lived can make more cells and bring it back to strength. You should see activity in the flask or container for ales and to a lesser degree for Lager yeasts. If you get good activity then it is OK. :)

Well if your post does anything it will make him paranoid about being killed by his beer. I have never seen anything like that in 37 years of fermenting beer. What temperature has the fermentation been and how long was it at the highest temperature?

The darker malts can give a nutty taste. If using hazelnut you can add it to the secondary or at bottling or kegging. Taste it at kegging/bottling so you know how much to use.

You are right to be concerned. The best beer you will brew is one that ferments in the lower end of the suggested temperature range of the yeast you are using. For Norringham (R) yeast it can be 60F and if you are sanitary will be very good beer every time. Try this temperature 1 time and you...

First read Here and then start making a list of what you have already that will do until better equipment comes along. Then start collecting the necessary items you absolutely have to get. Get your sanitizers and cleaners. I would make a nice hoppy ale (5.0 gallons using 10 LBS of 2 row and 1...

Solder it, how long does that take?

Ale Pail: Sure I have done that a lot. You need to boil all the wort at 1 time though. I guess this time is Ok but put half the hops in ea pot when you boil at the proper intervals. You will be slightly off on hop utilization.

Now don't take this wrong. That's not bad luck, it's poor planning. If you brew.......... you have to be ready. I check everything and it helps me to not get in a bind. Wait till you don't have hops and can not get any for 2 days and the wort is in the boiler. Now that is a problem! :D

You are learning a lot and keep it up if you like to do so because you will find that in the long run you will know a lot more about this than people who are just to lazy to learn anything and therefore you will be able to brew better beer.