As an alternative, you could soak the bottles in a bath of bleach (around 4 ml per litre) and cold water, for twenty minutes or so. This is what I used to do before I could get hold of Star San.
Generally the bleach taste shouldn't be noticeable, but to be sure it's better to rinse the bottles...
Assuming youre using corn or cane sugar 4 oz would be about right. Stouts generally are not especially carbonated.
I would put even less than that but because I'm not keen on overly gassy beers I tend to err on the side of caution.
If you want to get more precise, this calculator is...
Usually I remove the hops as I pour the wort from the brew pot into the fermenter. I use a sanitised sieve that fits across the top of my fermenting bucket.
I've also left hops in the wort right through fermentation without any adverse effects. (The hops settle very quickly to the bottom .) In...
One thing that jumps out is that you say you put the priming solution “on top” of the beer in the bottling bucket. Did you stir it and/or leave it to disperse? If not, it may be that some bottles are more carbonated than others. If you put the solution in the bottling bucket first it...